On April 8-10, 2010, a group of U.S. and French military officials and civilian policymakers and analysts gathered outside Paris for the 10th French-American Defense Symposium. The conference provided a forum for the exchange of ideas about the nature of the security challenge in Africa in the twenty-first century, an opportunity to share information on current strategies of engagement, and a chance to explore areas for more effective cooperation between the United States and France. This report lays out the main themes that emerged during the discussions.