Contents
Foreword P ni
Preface iv
Editor's Note v
1. Frequency and Time Standards
Papers
1.1. Atomic beam frequency standards. Richard C. Mockler 1
1.2. The ammonia beam maser as a standard of frequency. J. A. Barnes, D. W. Allan, and A. E. Wainwright 73
1.3. A comparison of direct and servo methods for utilizing cesium beam resonators as frequency standards. R. E. Beehler, W. R. Atkinson, L. E. Heim, and C. S. Snider 78
1.4. Some causes of resonant frequency shifts in atomic beam machines. I. Shifts due to other frequencies of excitation. Jon H. Shirley 86
1.5. Some causes of resonant frequency shifts in atomic beam machines. II. The effect of slow frequency modulation on the Ramsey line shape. Jon H. Shirley 92
1.6. Cesium beam atomic time and frequency standards. R. E. Beehler, R. C. Mockler, and J. M. Richardson 95
1.7. A precision pulse-operated electronic phase shifter and frequency translator. J. Barnes and A. Wainwright 113
1.8. An intercomparison of atomic standards. R. Beehler, D. Halford, R. Harrach, D. Allan, D. Glaze, C. Snider, J. Barnes, R. Vessot, H. Peters, J. Vanier, L. Cutler, and L. Bodily 114
1.9. The performance and capability of cesium beam frequency standards at the National Bureau of Standards. R. E. Beehler and D. J. Glaze 116
1.10. Evaluation of a thallium atomic beam frequency standard at the National Bureau of Standards. R. E. Beehler and D. J. Glaze 124
1.11. An intercomparison of hydrogen and cesium frequency standards. R. Vessot, H. Peters, J. Vanier, R. Beehler, D. Halford, R. Harrach, D. Allan, D. Glaze, C. Snider, J. Barnes, L. Cutler, and L. Bodily 128
1.12. Some accuracy limiting effects in an atomic beam frequency standard. Robert J. Harrach 140
1.13. A historical review of atomic frequency standards. R. E. Beehler 152
1.14. Pressure shift and broadening of methane line at 3.39 fx studied by laser-saturated molecular absorption. R. L. Barger and J. L. Hall 166
1.15. Use of laser-saturated absorption of methane for laser frequency stabilization. R. L. Barger and J. L. Hall 171
Abstracts Page
l.a. The atomic hydrogen maser. N. F. Ramsey 172
l.b. Automatic tuning of hydrogen masers. H. Hellwig, and E. Pannaci 172
I.e. On the natural shift of a resonance frequency. R. J. Harrach 173
l.d. The relative merits of atomic frequency standards. A. 0. McCoubrey 174
I.e. Barium oxide beam tube frequency standard. H. Hellwig, R. McKnight, E. Pannaci, and G. Wilson 175
l.f. Radio-frequency measurements in the NBS Institute for Basic Standards. Robert S. Powers, and Wilbert F. Snyder, Editor's 176
l.g. Improvements in cesium beam frequency standards at the National Bureau of Standards. D. J. Glaze, and J. A. Barnes 196
2. Time Scales
Papers
2.1. A comparison of two independent atomic time scales. J. Newman, L. Fey, and W. R. Atkinson 199
2.2. On the redefinition of the second and the velocity of light. G. E. Hudson and W. Atkinson 201
2.3. Synchronization of two remote atomic time scales. J. A. Barnes and R. L. Fey 204
2.4. A comparison of the TA-1 and the NBS-A atomic time scales. J. Bonanomi, P. Kartaschoff, J. Newman, J. A. Barnes, and W. R. Atkinson 205
2.5. Of time and the atom (with addendum) . George E. Hudson 206
2.6. The BS-A time scale — its generation and dissemination. J. A. Barnes, D. H. Andrews, and D. W. Allan 212
2.7. An analysis of a low information rate time control unit. Lowell Fey, James A. Barnes, and David W. Allan 217
2.8. Some characteristics of commonly used time scales. George E. Hudson 224
2.9. The development of an international atomic time scale. James A. Barnes 236
2.10. An approach to the prediction of coordinated universal time. James A. Barnes and David W. Allan 242
2.11. An ultra-precise time synchronization system designed by computer simulation. D. W. Allan, L. Fey, H. E. Machlan, and J. A. Barnes 242
2.12. Atomic second adopted as international unit of time. NBS Technical News Bulletin 246
2.13. Nation gets unified time system. NBS Technical News Bulletin 249
2.14. A coordinate frequency and time system. G. E. Hudson, D. W. Allan, J. A. Barnes, R. G. Hall, J. D. Lavanceau, and G.M.R. Winkler 250
2.a. Astronomical time. Jean Kovalevsky 263
2.b. Von der astronomischen zur atomphysikaliscen definition der sekunde. G. Becker 263
2.c. Time scales. L. Essen 264
2.d. Note on atomic timekeeping at the National Research Council. A. C. Mungall, H. Daams, and R. Bailey 264
3. Distribution of Frequency and Time Signals
Papers
3.1. Widely separated clocks with microsecond synchronization and independent distribution systems. Thomas L. Davis and Robert H. Doherty 267
3.2. Timing potentials of Loran-C. R. H. Doherty, G. Hefley, and R. F. Linfield 282
3.3. Worldwide VLF standard frequency and time signal broadcasting. A. D. Watt, R. W. Plush, W. W. Brown, and A. H. Morgan 297
3.4. Remote phase control of radio station WWVL. R. L. Fey, J. B. Milton, and A. H. Morgan 308
3.5. A VLF timing experiment. A. H. Morgan and 0. J. Baltzer 309
3.6. International comparison of atomic frequency standards via VLF radio signals. A. H. Morgan, E. L. Crow, and B. E. Blair 313
3.7. Control of WWV and WWVH standard frequency broadcasts by VLF and LF signals. B. E. Blair and A. H. Morgan 323
3.8. LF-VLF frequency and time services of the National Bureau of Standards. David H. Andrews 337
3.9. New measurements of phase velocity at VLF. G. Kamas, A. H. Morgan, and J. L. Jespersen 342
3.10. A dual frequency VLF timing system. L. Fey and C. H. Looney, Jr. 344
3.11. Distribution of standard frequency and time signals. A. H. Morgan 350
3.12. Five years of VLF worldwide comparison of atomic frequency standards. B. E. Blair, E. L. Crow, and A. H. Morgan 360
3.13. Satellite VHF transponder time synchronization. J. L. Jespersen, George Kamas, Lawrence E. Gatterer, and Peter F. MacDoran 370
3.14. Reception of low frequency time signals. David H. Andrews, C. Chaslain, and J. DePrins 375
3.15. Worldwide clock synchronization using a synchronous satellite. Lawrence E. Gatterer, Paul W. Botone, and Alvin H. Morgan — 384
3.16. Time and frequency. Progress in radio measurement methods and standards. R. W. Beaty, Editor 391
3.17. Standard time and frequency: its generation, control, and dissemination from the NBS time and frequency division. John
B. Milton 393
Abstracts Page
3.a. World-wide time synchronization. LaThare N. Bodily, Dexter Hartke, and Ronald C. Hyatt 423
3.b. Progress in the distribution of standard time and frequency, 1963 through 1965. John M. Richardson 423
3.c. Microsecond clock comparison by means of synchronizing impulses, Jiri Tolman, Vladimir Ptacek, Antonin Soucek, and Rudolf Stecher 424
3.d. Signal design for time dissemination: some aspects. J. L. Jespersen 424
3.e. VLF propagation over distances between 200 and 1500 km. J. L. Jespersen, G. Kamas, and A. H. Morgan 425
3.f. NBS frequency and time broadcast services — radio stations WWV, WWVH, WWVB, WWVL 425
3.g. Standards and calibrations — WWVL changes broadcast format 426
3.h. VLF precision timekeeping potential. B. Blair, J. Jespersen, and G. Kamas 426
4. Statistics of Frequency and Time Measurements
Papers
4.1. The power spectrum and its importance in precise frequency measurements. J. A. Barnes and R. C. Mockler 429
4.2. A high-resolution ammonia-maser-spectrum analyzer. J. A. Barnes and L. E. Heim 436
4.3. Spectrum analysis of extremely low frequency variations of quartz oscillators. W. R. Atkinson, L. Fey, and J. Newman 441
4.4. Obscurities of oscillator noise. L. Fey, W. R. Atkinson, and J. Newman 442
4.5. Effects of long-term stability on the definition and measurement of short-term stability. J. A. Barnes and D. W. Allan 444
4.6. A statistical model of flicker noise. J. A. Barnes and D. W. Allan 449
4.7. Atomic timekeeping and the statistics of precision signal generators. James A. Barnes 452
4.8. Statistics of atomic frequency standards. David W. Allan 466
4.9. Flicker noise of phase in RF amplifiers and frequency multipliers: characterization, cause and cure. D. Halford, A. E. Wainwright, and J. A. Barnes 477
4.10. Tables of bias functions, Bi and B 2 , for variances based on finite samples of processes with power law spectral densities. J. A. Barnes 479
4.11 An application of statistical smoothing techniques on VLF signals for comparison of time between USNO and NBS. Alain Guetrot, Lynne S. Higbie, Jean Lavanceau, and David W. Allan 519
Abstracts Page
4.a. Short-term frequency stability: characterization, theory and measurement. E. J. Baghdady, R. N. Lincoln, and B. D. Nelin 520
4.b. Some aspects of the theory and measurement of frequency fluctuations in frequency standards. L. S. Cutler and C. L. Searle __ 520
4.c. Some statistical properties of LF and VLF propagation. (Abstracts of papers presented at Xlllth AGARD— EWP Symp.) D. W. Allan and J. A. Barnes 521
4.d. Clock error statistics as a renewal process. G. E. Hudson and J. A. Barnes 522
5. Selected References On Frequency and Time January 1960— February 1970
Byron E. Blair
Section
5.1. Frequency and time standards 526
5.2. Dissemination of frequency and time 528
5.3. Radio reception techniques-local synchronization/comparison/ navigation 532
5.4. Frequency and time measurement 533
5.5. Advanced frequency and time research 534
5.6. National-international coordination of frequency and time 536
5.7. General references 536
Author index (for this volume) 537
Subject index- (for this volume) 546
SI physical units (inside back cover)
1. Frequency and Time Standards Papers Page
1.1. Atomic beam frequency standards. Mockler, R. C. 1
1.2. The ammonia beam maser as a standard of frequency. Barnes, J. A., Allan, D. W., and Wainwright, A. E 73
1.3. A comparison of direct and servo methods for utilizing cesium beam resonators as frequency standards. Beehler, R. E., Atkinson, W. R., Heim L. E. and Snider, C. S. 78
1.4. Some causes of resonant frequency shifts in atomic beam machines. I. Shifts due to other frequencies of excitation. Shirley, J. H. 86
1.5. Some causes of resonant frequency shifts in atomic beam machines. II. The effect of slow frequency modulation on the Ramsey line shape. Shirley, J. H. 92
1.6. Cesium beam atomic time and frequency standards. Beehler, R. E., Mockler, R. C, and Richardson, J. M. 95
1.7. A precision pulse-operated electronic phase shifter and frequency translator. Barnes J., and Wainwright, A. 113
1.8 An intercomparison of atomic standards. Beehler, R., Halford, D., Harrach, R., Allan, D., Glaze, D., Snider, C, Barnes, J., Vessot, R., Peters, H., Vanier, J., Cutler, L., and Bodily, L 114
1.9. The performance and capability of cesium beam frequency standards at the National Bureau of Standards. Beehler R. E., and Glaze, D. J. 116
1.10. Evaluation of a thallium atomic beam frequency standard at the National Bureau of Standards. Beehler, R. E., and Glaze, D. J. — 124
1.11. An intercomparison of hydrogen and cesium frequency standards. Vessot, R., Peters, H., Vanier, J., Beehler, R., Halford, D., Harrach, R., Allan, D., Glaze, D., Snider, C, Barnes, J., Cutler, L., and Bodily, L 128
1.12. Some accuracy limiting effects in an atomic beam frequency standard. Harrach R. J. 140
1.13. A historical review of atomic frequency standards. Beehler, R. E. 152
1.14. Pressure shift and broadening of methane line at 3.39/* studied by laser-saturated molecular absorption. Barger, R. L., and Hall, J. L. 166
1.15. Use of laser-saturated absorption of methane for laser frequency stabilization. Barger, R. L., and Hall, J. L 171
Abstracts
l.a. The atomic hydrogen maser. Ramsey, N. F. 172
Lb. Automatic tuning of hydrogen masers. Hellwig, H., and Pan- naci, E. 172
I.c. On the natural shift of a resonance frequency. Harrach, Robert J. 173
i.d. The relative merits of atomic frequency standards. McCoubrey A. O. 174
I.e. Barium oxide beam tube frequency standard. Hellwig, H., McKnight, R., Pannaci, E., and Wilson, G 175
l.f. Radio-frequency measurements in the NBS Institute for Basic
Standards. Powers, Robert S., and Snyder, Wilbert F., Editors. - 176
l.g. Improvements in cesium beam frequency standards at the National Bureau of Standards. Glaze, D. J., and Barnes, J. A 196

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