An edition of Theology as an empirical science
(1919)
Theology as an empirical science
by Douglas Clyde Macintosh
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Book Details
Table of Contents
CONTENTS
Introduction : Theological Method 1
The Problem Stated 1
The Varieties of Theological Method 5
I. Conservative 7
A. Traditionalistic 7
1. Ecclesiastical 7
2. Biblical 7
3. Individual 7
II. Radical 8
B. Rationalistic (Speculative) 9
C. Empirical 11
1. Mystical 12
2. Eclectic 13
a. Individual 13
b. Social 14
(1) Psychological (Schleiermacher) 14
(2) Historical 17
(a) Restricted (Ritschl) 17
(b) Universal (Troeltsch) 19
c. Pragmatic or (3) Sociological 22
3. Scientific 25
The Procedure of Theology as an Empirical Science 26
Part I: The Presuppositions of Theology 47
Chapter 1. The Presuppositions of All Empirical Sciences 49
The Possibility of Empirical Knowledge 49
The Scientific Attitude toward Evidence 49
Chapter 2. The Pertinent Results of Other Sciences 51
Summary Statement of General Results 51
A More Detailed Statement of Results as to the Historic Jesus 52
The Original Sources 52
An Examination of the Miraculous Element in the Narrative 52
The Irreducible Minimum of Assured Fact 57
Two Rationally Possible Interpretations 59
The More Radical 59
The More Conservative 61
The Common Element in the Two Views 67
Chapter 3. Human Free Agency 68
What Free Agency Would be 68
Its Theoretical Possibility 70
Its Moral Certainty 70
Chapter 4. The Possibility of Immortality 72
Procedure 72
The Desirability of Immortality 72
A Critique of Speculative and Non-Religious Empirical
Arguments for Immortality 75
A Critique of Attempted Empirical Disproofs 79
A Defense of the Theoretical Possibility of Life after Death 79
Chapter 5. The Fact of Sin, with its Evil Consequences 81
Procedure 81
The Nature of Sin, Objectively Considered 81
Moral Responsibility for Wrong Conduct 83
The Evil Consequences of Sin 86
In the Present Life 87
In the Future Life 88
The Nature of the Consequences 88
The Duration of the Consequences 88
Chapter 6. The Presupposition Peculiar to Theology: The Existence of God 90
Procedure 90
A Preliminary Definition of God 90
A Critique of the Classical Theistic Arguments 92-98
The Empirical Argument Stated 91-99
Part II. The Empirical Data and Laws of Theology 101
Chapter 1. Revelation in General 103
A Critique of Historic Concepts of Revelation, Inspiration and Religious Authority 103
The Primitive Religio-Empirical, or Occult View. 103
The Traditionalists View 104
The Rationalistic View 105
The Modern Religio-Empirical, or Scientific View 106
Of Revelation 106
Of Inspiration and the Bible 109
Of Religious Authority 110
Chapter 2. Revelation in the Person of Christ 112
Procedure 112
A Critique of Historic Concepts of the Person of Christ 112
The Older Orthodox Christology 112
Hebrew Elements 112
Greek Elements 114
Latin Elements 115
The Transition to Modern Views: Unitarianism 116
Modern Christology 116
The View of Rationalistic Monism 116
The View of Empirical Pluralism 117
The View of Critical Agnosticism 117
Constructive Statement 118
The Divine Value of the Historic Jesus 118
His Divine Function in Human Experience 119
His Essential Divinity 121
Special Christological Problems 121
The Question of Pre-Existence 121
The Question of Present Communion with Christ. 122
The Question of the Possibility of Transcending Jesus 122
Chapter 3. Revelation in the Work of Christ 124
Procedure 124
A Critique of Historic Theories of the Atonement 124
The Reconciling Work of Christ, as Revelation of the Work of God 129
Chapter 4. Revelation in the Christian Experience of Salvation 132
The Concept of Salvation 132
Elements in the Christian Experience 133
The Preliminary Experience ("Conviction of Sin") 133
The Beginning of a Definitely Christian Life ("Conversion," "Repentance," and "Faith," "Regeneration") 134
The Continuation of the Christian Life ("Perseverance") 136
The Health of the Christian Life (The "Life Abundant" or "Fulness of the Spirit") 137
The Development of Christian Character ("Sanctification" or "Growth in Grace") 137
Chapter 5. The Laws of Empirical Theology 140
Procedure 140
Constants, e. g., the Religious Object 140
Variables, e. g., the Religious Adjustment 141
Primary Theological Laws (Volitional) 146
Laws of Elemental Experiences (E. g. the Law of "Revelation," "Special Providence," or the Answer to Prayer) 146
Laws of Composite Experiences (The Laws of "Regeneration," "Perseverance," "Life Abundant," and "Salification") 148
Secondary Theological Laws 150
Laws of Emotional Experiences (The Laws of "Conviction of Sin," and of Christian "Peace," "Joy" and "Love") 150
Laws of Intellectual Experiences (The Laws of "Divine Guidance" and Christian "Assurance") 152
Laws of Physiological Experiences (E. g., the Law of "Divine Healing") 154
Laws of Social Experiences 155
Ecclesiastical 155
General 156
Part III. Theological Theory 157
Chapter 1. The Moral Attributes of God, and the Relation of God to Men 159
Procedure: the Transition from Laws to Theory 159
The Fundamental Attribute: Absoluteness 162
The Moral Attributes 163
Holiness and Justice 163
Love and Mercy 163
God as Father 163
Practical Significance of the Moral Attributes 164
Opportunity 164
Human Freedom and God as Sovereign: an Examination of the Concepts of Predestination and Election 165
God as Judge 166
God as Redeemer: the Atoning Work of God for Man 166
The Forgiveness and Justification of Man 168
The Satisfaction of the Divine Justice 170
The Divine Providence in Relation to Man 172
Chapter 2. The Metaphysical Attributes of God 176
Procedure 176
The Fundamental Attribute: Absoluteness 177
A Critique of the Negative Attributes 177
Incorporeality 178
Invisibility, etc 178
Incomprehensibility 179
Impassibility 179
Immutability 179
Timelessness 180
Infinity 180
An Exposition of the Positive Attributes 181
Aseity 181
Omnipotence 181
Omniscience 184
Omnipresence 186
Immanence 187
Transcendence 188
Personality 189
Unity 190
Trinity 192
Existence 194
Chapter 3. The Relation of God to the Universe 195
Providential Control 196
Creative Preservation 200
Creation: 201
The Question of Miracles 201
Chapter 4. Eschatological Deductions 205
Immortality 205
Continued Divine Justice and Mercy 207
"Heaven" 209
The Future of the Kingdom of God on Earth 212
Chapter 5. The Problem of Evil (Theodicy) 216
The Problem Stated 216
The Thesis 217
The Problem of Physical Evil (Disaster to Life and Possessions) 217
The Problem of Psychical Evil (Pain) 219
The Problem of Intellectual Evil (Error) 221
The Problem of Moral Evil (Sin) 223
The Problem of Religious Evil (Irreligion) 224
The Problem of Physical Evil Again (Universal Death) 225
The Problem of the Origin of Evil, and the Question as to a Personal Devil 227
Appendix: A Sketch of the Philosophy of Religion, Showing the Relation of Theology as an Empirical Science to Philosophy. 231
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