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This book is an introduction to basic concepts of public health, national health planning, programming and legislation and to the approach to public health problems. This is unique and first of its kind on the subject in India. The ninth edition of this book is the most updated with recent facts and figure about health programs, policies and legislation in India. It also deals with burden of health problems, planning, health care system, and recent health related schemes. The most interesting part of the book is its presentation in simple way and providing critical viewpoint on the subject which opens many more ideas for further actions. |
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| Part 1: NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS | |
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1 |
| 1. Budern of disease and National Health Programs 1 | |
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2 |
| · Risk and safety communication 1 | |
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3 |
| · Challenges of public Health 2 | |
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4 |
| · Investment in Health 5 | |
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5 |
| · Primary Health Care 5 | |
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6 |
| · Vertival Programming 8 | |
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7 |
| · Millennium Development Goals 10 | |
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8 |
| · The Kolkata Declaration on Public health 12 | |
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9 |
| · The People’s Charter For Health 13 | |
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10 |
| · The Mumbai Declaration 14 | |
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11 |
| · Data Sources for Demographic & Health Statistics 14 | |
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12 |
| · Census 14 | |
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13 |
| · Civil Registration System 16 | |
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14 |
| · Sample Registration System 16 | |
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15 |
| · Health Indicators 20 | |
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16 |
| · Health Status of India 22 | |
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17 |
| · Health Vision 2020 24 | |
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18 |
| · Health for All 26 | |
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19 |
| · Health Action 28 | |
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20 |
| 2. National Family Health Survey III 37 | |
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21 |
| 3. Planning of Public Health in India 43 | |
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22 |
| · Planning in Modern India, Various committees 43 | |
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23 |
| · Planning: Top Down and Bottom Up Approach 46 | |
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24 |
| · Planning Process 46 | |
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25 |
| · Planning Machinery of India 49 | |
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26 |
| 4. Eleventh Five Year Plan 52 | |
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27 |
| · History of Five Year Plans 52 | |
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28 |
| · Bharat Nirman 61 | |
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29 |
| 5. Health Care Delivery System in India 62 | |
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30 |
| · Component of Health Service System 62 | |
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31 |
| · Public Health Care System 65 | |
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32 |
| · Urban Areas 65 | |
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33 |
| · Rural Areas 67 | |
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34 |
| · Success of Public Health Service (Tamil Nadu Model) 70 | |
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35 |
| · Failure of Public Health Service 73 | |
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36 |
| · Private Health Sector 74 | |
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37 |
| · Health Care Providers in India 75 | |
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38 |
| · Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Yojana 76 | |
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39 |
| · Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana 76 | |
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40 |
| · Public Private Partnership 79 | |
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41 |
| · Health System Development 83 | |
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42 |
| · Accreditation of the Health System: JCI, NABH 85 | |
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43 |
| 6. National Rural Health Mission 88 | |
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44 |
| · ASHA 90 | |
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45 |
| · National Health Account 97 | |
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46 |
| · Janani Suraksha Yojana 100 | |
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47 |
| 7. National Urban Health Mission 110 | |
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48 |
| 8. Reproductive and Child Health - II 121 | |
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49 |
| · Population Stabilization 126 | |
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50 |
| · Maternal Health 136 | |
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51 |
| · Reproductive Tract and Sexually Transmitted Infections 140 | |
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52 |
| · Newborn and Child Health 142 | |
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53 |
| · Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) 145 | |
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54 |
| · Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram 148 | |
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55 |
| · Diarrheal Diseases 148 | |
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56 |
| · ORS Program 150 | |
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57 |
| · Acute Respiratory Infection 152 | |
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58 |
| · Breastfeeding 153 | |
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59 |
| · Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative 153 | |
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60 |
| · Prevention and Control of Anemia 155 | |
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61 |
| · Prevention and Control of Vitamin A Deficiency among Children 155 | |
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62 |
| · Universal Immunization Program (UIP) 155 | |
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63 |
| · Elimination of Tetanus 158 | |
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64 |
| · Hepatitis B Vaccine 158 | |
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65 |
| · Typhoid Vaccine 160 | |
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66 |
| · Pentavalent Vaccine 161 | |
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67 |
| · Cold Chain System 162 | |
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68 |
| · National Immunization Schedule 165 | |
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69 |
| · Polio Eradication: Pulse Polio Program 165 | |
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70 |
| · Adolescent Health 176 | |
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71 |
| · Life Skill Education 178 | |
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72 |
| · Urban Health 179 | |
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73 |
| · Tribal Health 182 | |
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74 |
| · Mainstreaming Gender and Equity in RCH II 185 | |
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75 |
| · Health Equity 187 | |
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76 |
| · Intersectoral and Donor Convergence 191 | |
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77 |
| · Behavior Change Communication (BCC) 191 | |
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78 |
| · Community participation 194 | |
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79 |
| · Public Private Partnerships (PPP) 194 | |
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80 |
| · Procurement and Logistics 197 | |
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81 |
| · Strengthening Teaching Institutes 198 | |
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82 |
| · Monitoring, Evaluation and HMIS 199 | |
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83 |
| · Mother Friendly Childbirth Initiative 202 | |
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84 |
| 9. Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP): DOTS strategy 207 | |
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85 |
| · Burden of Disease 207 | |
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86 |
| · Clinical Features 211 | |
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87 |
| · National TB Control Program 212 | |
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88 |
| · Components of DOTS 215 | |
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89 |
| · Diagnosis 215 | |
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90 |
| · Pediatrics Tuberculosis 223 | |
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91 |
| · Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Tuberculosis 224 | |
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92 |
| · Extensive Drug Resistance XDR TB 224 | |
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93 |
| · DOTS Plus 225 | |
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94 |
| · HIV infection and risk of TB 223 | |
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95 |
| · Revised Scheme for NGOs and Private Providers 231 | |
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96 |
| · Chemoprophylaxis 233 | |
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97 |
| · BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) 234 | |
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98 |
| · International Standard for TB Care 236 | |
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99 |
| · Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis 239 | |
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100 |
| 10. National AIDS Control Program 247 | |
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101 |
| · Epidemiology 247 | |
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102 |
| · National Response 253 | |
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103 |
| · National AIDS Control Program Phase III (2007-2012) 255 | |
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104 |
| · Sexual Transmitted Diseases Control Program 259 | |
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105 |
| · Syndromic Approach 249 | |
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106 |
| · Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center 262 | |
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107 |
| · Integrated Conseling and Testing Center (ICTC) 264 | |
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108 |
| · PPCTC 267 | |
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109 |
| · Occupational Health & HIV 268 | |
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110 |
| · Universal Precautions 268 | |
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111 |
| · Safe Blood Program 269 | |
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112 |
| · Condom Programing 271 | |
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113 |
| · Care, Support and Treatment 273 | |
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114 |
| · Anti-Retroviral Therapy 274 | |
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115 |
| · Surveillance 279 | |
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116 |
| · IEC and Social Mobilization 281 | |
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117 |
| · AIDS Vaccine 283 | |
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118 |
| 11. National Vector Borne Disease Control Program 291 | |
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119 |
| 11A. Malaria 294 | |
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120 |
| · Epidemiology 295 | |
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121 |
| · History of Malaria Control in India 298 | |
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122 |
| · National Malaria Eradication Program 299 | |
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123 |
| · Malaria Action Program 299 | |
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124 |
| · Enhanced Malaria Control Project 301 | |
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125 |
| · National Vector Borne Disease Control Program 303 | |
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126 |
| · Malaria Surveillance 307 | |
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127 |
| · National Drug Policy for Malaria 2010 300 | |
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128 |
| · Insecticide Policy 315 | |
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129 |
| · Insecticide Treated Bed nets Program 318 | |
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130 |
| · Malaria Epidemic: Prevention, Preparedness and Control 321 | |
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131 |
| · Remote Sensing 324 | |
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132 |
| · WHO Global Malaria Control Strategy 327 | |
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133 |
| · Roll Back Malaria 328 | |
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134 |
| · Malaria Vaccine 328 | |
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135 |
| 11B. Kala-azar Control Program 330 | |
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136 |
| 11C. Elimination of Filariasis 334 | |
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137 |
| 11D. Japanese Encephalitis 339 | |
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138 |
| 11E. Dengue & Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever 340 | |
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139 |
| 11F. Chikungunya Fever 350 | |
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140 |
| · NIPAH 353 | |
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141 |
| 11G. Leptospirosis 355 | |
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142 |
| 12. Yaws Eradication Program 360 | |
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143 |
| 13. National Leprosy Eradication Program 362 | |
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144 |
| · Epidemiology, Clinical features 362 | |
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145 |
| · Prevention and Control 366 | |
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146 |
| · MDT 368 | |
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147 |
| · Simplified Information System 373 | |
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148 |
| · Leprosy Vaccine, Prophylaxis against Leprosy 374 | |
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149 |
| · BLAC 376 | |
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150 |
| · Global Leprosy Elimination Program 379 | |
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151 |
| · Declaration against Stigma and Discrimination 2006 379 | |
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152 |
| 14. Guinea Worm Eradication Program 381 | |
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153 |
| 15. Rabies Control Program 383 | |
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154 |
| 16. Integrated Disease Surveillance Project 2004-2009 388 | |
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155 |
| 17. National Program for Control & Treatment of Occupational Diseases 397 | |
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156 |
| · Global Strategy for Occupational Health 400 | |
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157 |
| 18. Nutritional Programs 402 | |
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158 |
| 18A. Integrated Child Development Service (ICDS) Scheme 409 | |
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159 |
| · Nutritional Program for Adolescent Girls 2003 410 | |
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160 |
| · Scheme for Adolescent Girls (Kishori Shakti Yojna) 411 | |
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161 |
| · Anganwadi 411 | |
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162 |
| 18B. Mid-Day Meal Program 416 | |
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163 |
| 18C. National Nutritional Anemia Prophylaxis Program 418 | |
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164 |
| 12 By 12 Initiative 419 | |
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165 |
| 18D. National Program for Prophylaxis against Blindness in Children | |
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166 |
| caused due to Vitamin A Deficiency 420 | |
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167 |
| 18E. Pilot Project against Micronutrient Malnutrition 422 | |
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168 |
| 18F. World Food Program 424 | |
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169 |
| 19. National Program for Control of Blindness (NPCB) 428 | |
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170 |
| · District Blindness Control Society (DBCS) 432 | |
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171 |
| · Vision 2020: Regional Strategy of WHO for Vision 2020: Right to Sight 434 | |
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172 |
| 20. National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program 437 | |
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173 |
| 21. National Mental Health Program 445 | |
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174 |
| · District Mental Health Program 449 | |
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175 |
| · School Mental Health Program 452 | |
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176 |
| · Drug De-addiction Program 457 | |
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177 |
| · Alcoholism 457 | |
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178 |
| · Substance Dependence 459 | |
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179 |
| 22. National Cancer Control Program 464 | |
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180 |
| · Schemes under the Program 468 | |
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181 |
| · National Cancer Registry Program 471 | |
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182 |
| · Cancer Vaccine 471 | |
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183 |
| 23. National Tobacco Control Program 464 | |
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184 |
| · Tobacco Free Initiatives 478 | |
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185 |
| 24. National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes, 480 | |
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186 |
| Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke | |
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187 |
| 25. National Oral Health Program 489 | |
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188 |
| 26. National Organ Transplant Program 492 | |
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189 |
| 27. National Program of Health Care for the Elderly 494 | |
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190 |
| 28. National Program for Prevention and Control of Deafness 499 | |
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191 |
| 29. Program of National Use of Drugs in Delhi State 501 | |
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192 |
| 30. Programs and Schemes for Disabled Persons 503 | |
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193 |
| · Schemes of Integrated Education for the disabled children 504 | |
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194 |
| · District Rehabilitation Center 505 | |
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195 |
| · National Program for Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities 506 | |
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196 |
| 31. National Emergency Preparedness Plan: Disaster Management 508 | |
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197 |
| · Emergency Medical Relief (EMR) 515 | |
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198 |
| · Hospital Disaster Action Plan 515 | |
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199 |
| · Management Plan for Flood Affected Areas, An Example 516 | |
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200 |
| · Bioterrorism (Biological Weapon) 517 | |
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201 |
| · Anthrax 519 | |
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202 |
| · Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 520 | |
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203 |
| · Swine Flu 522 | |
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204 |
| · Avian influenza (Bird Flu) 525 | |
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205 |
| 32. School Health Services 531 | |
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206 |
| · School Health Program in India 535 | |
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207 |
| 33. Basic Minimum Service Program 538 | |
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208 |
| 34. National Program for Prevention and Control of Fluorosis 542 | |
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209 |
| 35. India Population Projects (IPP) 544 | |
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210 |
| 36. Poverty Alleviation Programs 546 | |
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211 |
| · Integrated Rural Development Program 546 | |
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212 |
| · The Environment Improvement in Urban Slums scheme 547 | |
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213 |
| 37. Programs for Water and Sanitation 551 | |
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214 |
| · Arsenic Problem in India 552 | |
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215 |
| · Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program (ARWSP) 553 | |
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216 |
| · Central Rural Sanitation Program 557 | |
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217 |
| · Accelerated Urban Water Supply Program 557 | |
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218 |
| · Urban Sanitation Program 558 | |
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219 |
| · National Slum Development Program 558 | |
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220 |
| 38. National Program of Improved Chulha 559 | |
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221 |
| 39. Evaluation of a National Health Program 560 | |
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222 |
| · Types of Evaluation 561 | |
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223 |
| PART 2: Policies | |
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224 |
| 40. National Policy Related to Health 566 | |
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225 |
| 41. National Health Policy 2002 569 | |
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226 |
| · Health Tourism 581 | |
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227 |
| · Telemedicine 583 | |
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228 |
| 42. National Population Policy 2000 586 | |
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229 |
| · Jansankhaya Sthirtha Kosh 591 | |
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230 |
| 43. National AIDS Prevention and Control Policy 595 | |
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231 |
| 44. National Blood Policy 602 | |
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232 |
| 45. National Policy for the Empowerment of Women 2001 605 | |
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233 |
| 46. National Charter for Children 2003 610 | |
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234 |
| 47. National Youth Policy 1998 614 | |
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235 |
| 48. National Policy for Older Persons 1999 617 | |
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236 |
| 49. National Policy for Person with Disabilities 619 | |
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237 |
| 50. National Nutrition Policy 623 | |
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238 |
| 51. National Health Research Policy (Draft) 626 | |
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239 |
| 52. Pharmaceutical Policy 633 | |
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240 |
| 53. National Policy on Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy 2002 635 | |
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241 |
| 54. National Policy on Education 637 | |
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242 |
| 55. National Water Policy 2002 640 | |
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243 |
| 56. National Environment Policy 2006 644 | |
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244 |
| 57. National Conservation Strategy & Policy Statement on Environment & Development 1992 651 | |
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245 |
| 58. National Housing and Habitat Policy 1998 653 | |
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246 |
| 59. National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families 2006 655 | |
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247 |
| PART 3: LEGISLATION | |
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248 |
| 60. Legislation related to Health 657 | |
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249 |
| · National Legal Literacy Mission 660 | |
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250 |
| 61 National Health Bill 2009 661 | |
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251 |
| 62. Legislation related to Quality of Professional Education and Services 668 | |
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252 |
| · The Indian Medical Council (Professional Conduct and Ethics) Act 1956 670 | |
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253 |
| and Regulations 2002 | |
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254 |
| · The Indian Nursing Council Act 1947 673 | |
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255 |
| · The Dentists Act 1948 674 | |
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256 |
| The Pharmacy Act, 1948 675 | |
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257 |
| The Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992 675 | |
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258 |
| · The Indian Medicine Central Council Act, 1970, 84/95 676 | |
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259 |
| · The Homeopathy Central Council Act, 1973 677 | |
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260 |
| · The Indian Medicine and Homeopathy Council Bill 2005 678 | |
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261 |
| · The Delhi Nursing Homes Registration Act 1953 678 | |
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262 |
| · The Consumer Protection Act (CPA) 1986 678 | |
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263 |
| 63. Legislation related to Census, Birth and Death 680 | |
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264 |
| · The Census of India 2001 680 | |
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265 |
| · The Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1969 682 | |
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266 |
| 64. Legislation related to Control of Epidemics 685 | |
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267 |
| · The Epidemic Disease Act 1897 685 | |
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268 |
| · The Maharashtra Prevention of the Infection and 685 | |
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269 |
| Spread of Epidemic Disease (Plague) Regulation 1994 | |
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270 |
| · Indian Air Craft (Public Health) Rules 1975 686 | |
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271 |
| 65. Legislation related to Tobacco and Drug Control | |
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272 |
| · The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products 687 | |
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273 |
| (Prohibition of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply and Distribution) Act 2003 | |
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274 |
| · Delhi Anti-Smoking & Non-Smoker’s Health Protection Act 1996 688 | |
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275 |
| · The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 689 | |
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276 |
| · The Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 690 | |
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277 |
| · The Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1955 692 | |
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278 |
| 66. Legislation related to Other Public Health Problems | |
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279 |
| · The Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994 695 | |
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280 |
| · The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1959 697 | |
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281 |
| · Food safety and standards Act 2006 700 | |
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282 |
| · The Protection of Human Rights Act 1993 704 | |
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283 |
| 67. Legislation for Women Empowerment and Health 706 | |
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284 |
| · The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act 1971 and 707 | |
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285 |
| · The MTP Rules and Regulations 2003 708 | |
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286 |
| · The Maternity Benefit Act 1961 709 | |
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287 |
| · The Family Court Act 1984 710 | |
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288 |
| · The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 710 | |
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289 |
| · The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act 1987 711 | |
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290 |
| · The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956 712 | |
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291 |
| · Violence Against Women 713 | |
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292 |
| · The Protection of Women From Domestic Violence Act 2005 713 | |
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293 |
| 68. Legislation for Child Protection and Health 716 | |
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294 |
| · The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques 717 | |
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295 |
| (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act 1994 | |
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296 |
| · The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Food (Regulation of Production, | |
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297 |
| supply and Distribution) Act 1992 720 | |
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298 |
| · The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 721 | |
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299 |
| · The Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 722 | |
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300 |
| · The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929 724 | |
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301 |
| · The Right to Education Act 725 | |
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302 |
| 69. Legislation for the Welfare of Older Persons 727 | |
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303 |
| · Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act 2007 727 | |
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304 |
| 70. Legislation related to the Welfare Rehabilitation of Disadvantaged | |
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305 |
| · The Persons with Disabilities 730 | |
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306 |
| (Equal Opportunity, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act 1995 | |
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307 |
| · The National Trust for Welfae of Persons with Autism, Cerebral palsy, 732 | |
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308 |
| Mental retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act 1999 and Rules 2000 | |
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309 |
| · Mental Health Act 1987 733 | |
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310 |
| · National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 735 | |
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311 |
| · The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 736 | |
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312 |
| · Welfare of Scavengers 737 | |
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313 |
| · The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dru Latrine (Prohibition) Act 737 | |
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314 |
| 71. Occupational Health & Legislation 739 | |
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315 |
| · Legislation for Female Workers 740 | |
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316 |
| · The Factories Act 1948 741 | |
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317 |
| · The Mines Act 1952 742 | |
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318 |
| · The Emplpyees States Insurance Act 1948 & Regulations 1950 743 | |
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319 |
| · The Workmen’s Compensation Act 1923 747 | |
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320 |
| · The Minimum Wages Act 1948 749 | |
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321 |
| · Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970 and Contract Labor 750 | |
|
|
322 |
| (Regulation & Abolition) Central Rules 1971; Construction and Maintenance of Creches | |
|
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323 |
| · The Plantation Labor Act 1951 752 | |
|
|
324 |
| · The Unorganized Sectors Workers’s Social Security Act 752 | |
|
|
325 |
| · The Bonded Labor System (abolition) Act 1976 753 | |
|
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326 |
| · The Trade Union Act 1926 753 | |
|
|
327 |
| · The Dangerous Machine (Regulation) Act 1983 754 | |
|
|
328 |
| 72. Environment Health Legilations 755 | |
|
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329 |
| · The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 759 | |
|
|
330 |
| · Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1998 760 | |
|
|
331 |
| · Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000 765 | |
|
|
332 |
| · Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1989 766 | |
|
|
333 |
| · Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and response) Rules 1996 767 | |
|
|
334 |
| · Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 767 | |
|
|
335 |
| · The National Environment Tribunal Act 1995 768 | |
|
|
336 |
| · Air Pollution 769 | |
|
|
337 |
| · Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 772 81 | |
|
|
338 |
| · Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 774 | |
|
|
339 |
| · The Atomic Energy Act 1962 and Safety Related Rules 775 | |
|
|
340 |
| · The Insecticides Act 1962; The Insecticides Rules 1993 775 | |
|
|
341 |
| · Delhi Municipal Corporation Act 1957 776 | |
|
|
342 |
| · The Motor Vehicles Act 1988 777 | |
|
|
343 |
| · Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000 778 | |
|
|
344 |
| 73. The Disaster Management Act 2005 780 | |
|
|
345 |
| 74. The Red Cross Society (Allocation of Property) Act 1936 782 | |
|
|
346 |
| 75. International Health Regulation 783 | |
|
|
347 |
| 76. National and International Health Organizations 785 | |
|
|
348 |
| · Important Days of National & International Health 808 | |
|
|
349 |
| · Appendix 1: Comparative Health Indicators of selected Countries 810 | |
|
|
350 |
| · Abbreviations 811 | |
|
|
351 |
| · Index 816 | |
|
